Purified pancreatic tumor cell lines and related compositions and method

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a method of treating cancer comprising (a) obtaining a tumor cell line, (b) modifying the tumor cell line to render it capable of producing an increased level of a cytokine relative to the unmodified tumor cell line, and (c) administering the tumor cell line to a mammalian host having at least one tumor that is the same type of tumor as that from which the tumor cell line was obtained, wherein the tumor cell line is allogeneic and is not MHC-matched to the host. The present invention also provides a pancreatic tumor cell line, a method and medium for obtaining such a tumor cell line, and a composition comprised of cells of a purified pancreatic tumor cell line.

This invention was made with Government support under Grant NumberCA62924 awarded by the National Institutes of Health, and under GrantNumber CA57842 awarded jointly by the National Institutes of Health andNational Cancer Institute. The Government may have certain rights inthis invention.

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.08/773,367, which was filed on Dec. 26, 1996, and which claims priorityto U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/032,801, which was filed on Dec.28, 1995, and which has sinced lapsed.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention pertains to a method of treating cancer usingallogeneic tumor cell lines, i.e., tumor cell lines that are geneticallydissimilar to those of the host. In particular, the invention pertainsto a method of treating pancreatic cancer using an allogeneic pancreatictumor cell line. The present invention also pertains to a pancreatictumor cell line, a method and medium for obtaining such a cell line, anda composition comprised of cells of a purified pancreatic tumor cellline.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It is generally accepted that human tumor cells contain multiplespecific alterations in the cellular genome responsible for theirmalignant phenotype. These alterations affect the expression or functionof genes that control cell growth and differentiation. For instance,typically these mutations are observed in oncogenes, or positiveeffectors of cellular transformation, such as ras, and in tumorsuppressor genes (or recessive oncogenes) encoding negative growthregulators, the loss of function of which results in expression of atransformed phenotype, such as p53, Rb1, DCC, MCC, NF1, and WT1.

Mutations have been detected in all of the common human tumors,including pancreatic and colorectal carcinomas. To date, a transformingras gene (i.e., a mutated version of H-ras, K-ras, or N-ras encoding aprotein having an altered amino acid at one of the critical positions12, 13 and 61) is the oncogene most frequently identified in humancancer. As reviewed by Barbacid, Ann. Rev. Biochem., 56, 779-827 (1987),a ras oncogene has been observed in carcinoma of the bladder, breast,colon, kidney, liver, lung, ovary, pancreas, rectum, and stomach; inhematopoietic tumors of lymphoid and myeloid lineage; in tumors ofmesenchymal origin such as fibrosarcomas and rhabdomyosarcomas; and inother tumors, including melanomas, teratocarcinomas, neuroblastomas, andgliomas. In particular, a ras mutation has been identified in greaterthan 90% of patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, as describedby Bos, Cancer Research, 49, 4682-4689 (1989).

Tumors of the pancreas are highly malignant and generally result indeath. In fact, cancer of the pancreas is the fifth leading cause ofcancer-related death in the United States. The presently availabletreatment modalities have shown little or no benefit for patients withtumors that are unresectable (i.e., regionally advanced or metastaticcancers). Similarly, for patients with localized disease that can beresected, state-of-the-art adjuvant therapy with radiation andchemotherapy has shown only modest benefits--and that at the expense ofsignificant treatment toxicity. Over 71% of cancer patients undergoingadjuvant therapy will eventually die of recurrent disease. For thesereasons, more effective treatments are currently needed for cancer, and,in particular, both for advanced as well as limited-stage pancreaticcancer.

Immunotherapy is a potentially therapeutic approach for the treatment ofcancer. Immunotherapy is based on the premise that the failure of theimmune system to reject spontaneously arising tumors is related to thefailure of the immune system to respond appropriately to tumor antigens.In a functioning immune system, tumor antigens are processed andexpressed on the cell surface in the context of major histocompatibilitycomplex (MHC) class I and II molecules, which, in humans, also aretermed "human-leukocyte associated" (HLA) molecules. When complexed toantigens, the MHC class I and II molecules are recognized by CD8⁺ andCD4⁺ T cells, respectively. This recognition generates a set ofsecondary cellular signals and the paracrine release of specificcytokines, or soluble so-called "biological response modifiers", thatmediate interactions between cells and stimulate host defenses to fightoff disease. The release of cytokines then results in the proliferationof antigen-specific T cells.

Thus, active immunotherapy involves the injection of tumor cells,typically in the vicinity of a tumor, to generate either a novel or anenhanced systemic immune response. The ability of this immunotherapeuticapproach to augment a systemic T cell response against a tumor has beenpreviously disclosed, e.g., amongst others, see InternationalApplication WO 92/05262, Fearon et al., Cell, 60, 397-403 (1990), andDranoff et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 90, 3539-3543 (1993). Theinjected tumor cells are usually altered to enhance theirimmunogenicity, such as by admixture with non-specific adjuvants, or bygenetic modification of the cells to express cytokines, or other immuneco-stimulatory molecules. The tumor cells employed can be autologous,i.e., derived from the same host as is being treated. Alternately, thetumor cells can be MHC-matched, or derived from another host having thesame, or at least some of the same, MHC complex molecules.

Clinical researchers prefer the use of autologous over MHC-matched tumorcells, and vice versa, for different reasons. Namely, autologous cellsare preferred since each patient's tumor expresses a unique set of tumorantigens that can differ from those found on histologically-similar,MHC-matched tumor cells from another patient, (see, e.g., Kawakami etal., J. Immunol., 148, 638-643 (199:2); Darrow et al., J. Immunol., 142,3329-3335 (1989); and Hom et al., J. Immunother., 10, 153-164 (1991).Studies evaluating human melanoma antigens confirm that all the humantumor antigens identified to date are shared among at least 50% ofpatients' tumors--regardless of whether or not the same MHC-type issimilarly shared. Use of cells from a patient's own tumor circumventsany need for matching of tumor or MHC antigens.

In comparison, MHC-matched tumor cells are preferred since the use ofautologous tumor cell vaccines require that each patient be taken tosurgery to obtain a sample of their tumor for vaccine production. The invitro expansion of fresh human tumor explants necessary for theproduction of autologous tumor cell vaccines is labor-intensive,technically demanding, and frequently impossible for most histologictypes of human tumors, even with highly specialized research facilities.Moreover, the production of a vaccine from each patient's tumor is quiteexpensive. There also is a substantial likelihood that after extendedpassage of autologous cells in culture, the antigenic composition ofsuch cells will change relative to the primary tumor from which the cellline originated, making the cells ineffective as a vaccine. While suchchange is inevitable with all established cell lines, as regarding theuse of autologous cells as a tumor vaccine, it will require themaintenance of freezer stocks of each initially-isolated cell line foreach patient being treated using this approach.

Based on these shortcomings associated with use of autologous andMHC-matched cells as tumor vaccines, other researchers have soughtalternative tumor vaccines, as reviewed by Jaffee et al., Seminars inOncology, 22, 81-91 (1995). The recent results of Huang et al., Science,264, 961-965 (1994), are relevant to this proposal. Namely, prior tothis study, tumor vaccine strategies were based on the understandingthat the vaccinating tumor cells function as the antigen presentingcells (APCs) that present the tumor antigens on their MHC class I and IImolecules, and directly activate the T cell arm of the immune response.In contrast, the results of Huang et al. indicate that the professionalAPCs of the host rather than the vaccinating tumor cells prime the Tcell arm of the immune response. The tumor vaccine cells secrete acytokine such as GM-CSF and recruit to the region of the tumor bonemarrow-derived APCs. The bone marrow-derived APCs take up the wholecellular protein of the tumor for processing, and then present theantigenic peptide(s) on their MHC class I and II molecules. In thisfashion, the APCs prime both the CD4⁺ and the CD8⁺ T cell arms of theimmune system, resulting in the generation of a systemic antitumorimmune response that is specific for the antigenic epitopes of the hosttumor. These results suggest that it may not be necessary to useautologous or MHC-matched tumor cells in cancer treatment.

Other results suggest that the transfer of allogeneic MHC genes (i.e.,genes from a genetically dissimilar individual of the same species) canenhance tumor immunogenicity. Specifically, in certain cases, therejection of tumors expressing allogeneic MHC class I molecules resultedin enhanced systemic immune responses against subsequent challenge withthe unmodified parental tumor, as reviewed in Jaffee et al., supra, andHuang et al., supra. This appears to represent an example of the generalphenomenon described as "xenogenization" by Itaya et al., Cancer Res.,47, 3136-3140 (1987), wherein tumor vaccine potency is enhanced byintroducing genes into the tumor cell that code for foreign antigens.

Thus, there remains a need for a method of treating cancer, inparticular, a method of treating pancreatic cancer, which does not relyon use of autologous or MHC-matched tumor cells, and that avoids thedifficulties and shortcomings associated with such use. The presentinvention provides such a method, as well as components necessary foreffectuating the method. These and other objects and advantages of thepresent invention, as well as additional inventive features, will beapparent from the description of the invention set forth herein.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a method of treating cancer comprisingthe steps of (a) obtaining a tumor cell line, (b) modifying the tumorcell line to render it capable of producing an increased level of acytokine relative to the unmodified tumor cell line, and (c)administering the tumor cell line to a mammalian host having at leastone tumor that is the same type of tumor as that from which the tumorcell line was obtained. The tumor cell line is allogeneic and is notMHC-matched to the host. In particular, the present invention provides amethod of treating pancreatic cancer using an allogeneic pancreatictumor cell line. The present invention also provides a pancreatic tumorcell line, a method and medium for obtaining such a tumor cell line, anda composition comprised of cells of a purified pancreatic tumor cellline.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The method of the present invention of treating cancer comprises thesteps of (a) obtaining a tumor cell line, (b) modifying the tumor cellline to render it capable of producing an increased level of a cytokinerelative to the unmodified tumor cell line, and (c) administering thetumor cell line to a mammalian host having at least one tumor that isthe same type of tumor as that from which the tumor cell line wasobtained. The administered tumor cell line is allogeneic and is notMHC-matched to the host.

Cancer

The method of the invention can be employed to treat cancer. "Treatingcancer" according to the invention comprises administering to a host thetumor cell lines set forth herein for the purpose of effecting atherapeutic response. In particular, a therapeutic response is asystemic immune response (i.e., a T cell response) to tumor antigens.Such a response can be assessed by monitoring the attenuation of tumorgrowth and/or tumor regression. "Tumor growth" includes an increase intumor size and/or the number of tumors. "Tumor regression" includes areduction in tumor mass.

"Cancer" according to the invention includes cancers, in particularthose of epithelial origin, characterized by abnormal cellularproliferation and the absence of contact inhibition, which can beevidenced by tumor formation. The term encompasses cancer localized intumors, as well as cancer not localized in tumors, such as, forinstance, cancer cells which expand from a tumor locally by invasion.Thus, any type of cancer can be targeted for treatment according to theinvention. For example, the approach preferably can be applied inseveral clinical scenarios including, but not limited to, local adjuvanttherapy for resected cancers, and local control of tumor growth, such ascarcinomas of the bladder, breast, colon, kidney, liver, lung, ovary,pancreas, rectum, and stomach. The method also preferably can be usedfor treatment when the tumor is a sarcoma (e.g., a fibrosarcoma orrhabdosarcoma), a hematopoietic tumor of lymphoid or myeloid lineage, oranother tumor, including, but not limited to, a melanoma,teratocarcinoma, neuroblastoma, or glioma.

Preferably the method of the invention can be employed to treatpancreatic cancer. Thus, the present invention also provides a method oftreating pancreatic cancer comprising the steps of (a) obtaining apancreatic tumor cell line, (b) modifying the tumor cell line to renderit capable of producing an increased level of a cytokine relative to theunmodified tumor cell line, and (c) administering the tumor cell line toa mammalian host having at least one pancreatic tumor, wherein the tumorcell line is allogeneic and is not MHC-matched to the host.

The method of treating cancer can be effectively carried out using awide variety of different hosts. For instance, the method can beemployed with various eukaryotic hosts, but preferably is employed withmammalian hosts including but not limited to rodent, ape, chimpanzee,feline, canine, ungulate (such as ruminant or swine), as well as, inparticular, human hosts.

Tumor Cell Line

As described herein, a "tumor cell line" comprises cells that initiallyderived from a tumor. Such cells typically have undergone some change invivo such that they theoretically have indefinite growth in culture;i.e., unlike primary cells, which can be cultured only for a finiteperiod of time. Moreover, such cells preferably can form tumors afterthey are injected into susceptible animals.

According to the invention, a tumor cell line can be derived from anytumor, e.g., a carcinoma of the bladder, breast, colon, kidney, liver,lung, ovary, pancreas, rectum, and stomach; a hematopoietic tumor oflymphoid or myeloid lineage; a tumor of mesenchymal origin such as afibrosarcoma or rhabdomyosarcoma; or another tumor, including amelanoma, teratocarcinoma, neuroblastoma, or glioma. Preferably thetumor cell line is derived from a pancreatic tumor.

A tumor cell line employed in a method of treating cancer can beobtained by any suitable means but preferably is obtained in a generalmethod involving the steps of (a) obtaining a sample of a tumor from amammalian host, (b) forming a single cell suspension from the tumorsample, (c) pelleting the tumor cells, and (d) plating the tumor cells.More specifically, a sample of a tumor typically can be obtained at thetime of surgery. The tumor sample subsequently can be handled andmanipulated using sterile technique and in such a fashion so as tominimize tissue damage. The tissue sample can be placed on ice in asterile container and moved to a laboratory laminar flow hood. Theportion of the tumor to be employed for isolation of tumor cell linescan be minced into small pieces; the remainder of the tumor can bestored at -70° C. The slices of tumor then can be digested into singlecell suspensions using a solution of Collagenase I. This digestion canbe carried out at room or at elevated temperature. Preferably thedigestion is carried out at 37° C., while shaking the mixture, e.g., ina shaking incubator.

The single cell suspension is then pelleted, and the pellets can beresuspended in a small volume of tissue culture medium. The resuspendedcells can be inoculated into tissue culture medium appropriate for thegrowth of the cells in culture at a density of about 2×10⁵ tumorcells/ml. Preferably the medium is one that has wide applicability forsupporting growth of many types of cell cultures, such as a medium thatutilizes a bicarbonate buffering system and various amino acids andvitamins. Optimally the medium is RPMI-1640 medium. The medium cancontain various additional factors as necessary, e.g., when required forthe growth of tumor cells, or for maintenance of the tumor cells in anundifferentiated state.

The cultures can be maintained at about 35-40° C. in the presence ofabout 5-7% CO₂. The tumor cell cultures can be fed and recultured asnecessary, i.e., typically every 1 to 10 days. The tumor cells also canbe subjected to differential trypsinization to remove other cells (e.g.stromal cells) that can overgrow the primary tumor cultures. Preferably,such differential trypsinization is done about every 5 to 10 days.

When it appears that a substantially pure culture of the tumor cells hasbeen obtained, various tests can be carried out as necessary todetermine the relative purity of the cultures, and to characterize theresultant tumor cell lines. For instance, the existence of certaingenetic sequences in the cell line, or certain phenotypic traits, asfurther described herein, can be explored.

The method of isolating a tumor cell line preferably can be employed forthe isolation of a pancreatic tumor cell line. Such a pancreatic tumorcell line similarly can be employed in a method of treating pancreaticcancer and can be obtained by (a) obtaining a sample of a pancreatictumor from a mammalian host, (b) forming a single cell suspension fromthe tumor sample, (c) pelleting the tumor cells, and (d) plating thetumor cells. Thus, the present invention provides a substantiallypurified tumor cell line, particularly a substantially purifiedpancreatic tumor cell line.

Desirably, as part of the isolation process, the pancreatic tumor cellsare plated in a growth medium optimized for culturing pancreatic tumorcells. Preferably this medium is RPMI-1640 medium. Optimally, thismedium further comprises fetal serum, insulin, and insulin-like growthfactors 1 and 2. Preferably fetal serum is fetal bovine serum and isincluded at a concentration of about 5 to about 30%, even morepreferably, about 10 to about 25%, and optimally, about 20%. Also,preferably insulin is human insulin, and is included in the medium at aconcentration of from about 0.02 to about 2.0 U/ml, even morepreferably, from about 0.1 to about 1.0 U/ml, and optimally, about 0.2U/ml. Insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 can each preferably beincluded in the medium at a concentration of from about 0.001 to about0.1 μg/ml, even more preferably, from about 0.005 to about 0.05 μg/ml,and optimally, about 0.01 μg/ml.

The medium and medium components are readily available, and can beobtained, for instance, from commercial suppliers. Such commercialsuppliers include, but are not limited to, JRH Biosciences (Lenexa,Kans.), Gibco BRL (Gaithersberg, Md.), Hyclone Labs. (Logan, Utah),Sigma Biosciences (St. Louis, Mo.), Cell Sys. Corp. (Kirkland, Wash.),Intergen Co. (Purchase, N.Y.), Eli Lilly and Co. (Indianapolis, Ind.),Biofluids, Inc. (Rockville, Md.), and other suppliers manufacturingsimilar products.

Preferably the tumor cell line (which desirably is a pancreatic tumorcell line) comprises a mutation in an oncogene or tumor suppressor genesuch that the oncogenic nature of the tumor cell line, and itsderivation from a host tumor, can be confirmed. The mutation can occurin any oncogene or tumor suppressor gene, including, but not limited to,trk, ks3, hst, ras, myc, p53, mas, Rb1, DCC, MCC, NF1, and WT1.Optimally the tumor cell line comprises a ras mutation. Preferably themutation is present in codon 12, 13, or 61 of one of the ras genesH-ras, K-ras, and N-ras. Optimally the mutation is in codon 12 of a rasgene, preferably codon 12 of a K-ras gene.

The use of a tumor cell line characterized by a ras mutation isadvantageous inasmuch as the mutations which render a ras gene oncogenichave been characterized, e.g., as reviewed by Bos, supra, and Barbacid,supra. This means that peptides that incorporate amino acid changesknown to result in a ras oncoprotein can be synthesized easily, and canbe evaluated as targets of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Host immuneresponses to these peptides can be assessed both before and aftervaccination.

The tumor cell line, which preferably is a pancreatic cell line, alsocan be characterized by a further trait which distinguishes the tumorcells from other cells and can be employed, for instance, for monitoringcell survival either in vitro or in vivo. Examples of such a traitinclude antibody staining for a particular protein, which, desirably isa cell surface protein. Preferably the pancreatic tumor cell lines ofthe present invention demonstrate cytokeratin staining uponhistochemical staining using an antibody directed against cytokeratin.Accordingly, the present invention provides preferred pancreatic tumorcell lines including, but not limited to Panc 4.14.93, Panc 1.28.94,Panc 6.3.94, Panc 8.13.94, Panc 9.6.94, Panc 12.1.94, Panc 2.3.95, Panc4.3.95, Panc 4.21.95, Panc 5.4.95, and, in particular, Panc 10.5.92.

Cytokine

In the method of treating cancer of the invention, preferably the tumorcell line (e.g., the pancreatic tumor cell line) has been modified torender the tumor cell line capable of producing an increased level of acytokine relative to the unmodified tumor cell line, or the parentaltumor cell line from which the modified tumor cell line derives. A"cytokine" is, as that term is understood by one skilled in the art, anyimmunopotentiating protein (including a modified protein such as aglycoprotein) that enhances responsiveness of a host immune system to atumor present in the host. Preferably the cytokine is not itselfimmunogenic to the host, and potentiates immunity by activating orenhancing the activity of cells of the immune system.

As used herein, a cytokine includes such proteins as interferons (e.g.,IFN.sub.α, IFN.sub.β, and IFN.sub.γ), interleukins (e.g., IL-1 toIL-11), tumor necrosis factors (e.g., TNF.sub.α and TNF.sub.β),erythropoietin (EPO), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF),granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophagecolony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Preferably the cytokine is GM-CSFfrom any source, optimally the cytokine is murine or human GM-CSF.

"Modifying" a tumor cell line according to the invention comprisesproviding to the tumor cell line a vector capable of imparting increasedexpression of a cytokine of interest. A "vector" encompasses a DNAmolecule such as a plasmid, virus or other vehicle, which contains oneor more heterologous or recombinant DNA sequences, e.g., a cytokine geneor cytokine coding sequence of interest under the control of afunctional promoter and possibly also an enhancer, and that is capableof functioning as a vector as that term is understood by those ofordinary skill in the art. Appropriate viral vectors include, but arenot limited to simian virus 40, bovine papilloma virus, Epstein-Barrvirus, adenovirus, herpes virus, vaccinia virus, Moloney murine leukemiavirus, Harvey murine sarcoma virus, murine mammary tumor virus, and Roussarcoma virus.

Reference to a vector or other DNA sequences as "recombinant" merelyacknowledges the linkage of DNA sequences which are not typicallyconjoined as isolated from nature. A "gene" is any nucleic acid sequencecoding for a protein or a nascent mRNA molecule. Whereas a genecomprises coding sequences plus any non-coding (e.g., regulatorysequences), a "coding sequence" does not include any non-coding DNA. A"promoter" is a DNA sequence that directs the binding of RNA polymeraseand thereby promotes RNA synthesis. "Enhancers" are cis-acting elementsof DNA that stimulate or inhibit transcription of adjacent genes. Anenhancer that inhibits transcription also is termed a "silencer".Enhancers differ from DNA-binding sites for sequence-specific DNAbinding proteins found only in the promoter (which also are termed"promoter elements") in that enhancers can function in eitherorientation, and over distances of up to several kilobase pairs (kb),even from a position downstream of a transcribed region.

Any suitable vector can be employed that is appropriate for introductionof nucleic acids into eukaryotic tumor cells, or more particularlyanimal tumor cells, such as mammalian, e.g., human, tumor cells.Preferably the vector is compatible with the tumor cell, e.g., iscapable of imparting expression of the cytokine gene or coding sequence,and is stably maintained or relatively stably maintained in the tumorcell. Desirably the vector comprises an origin of replication.Preferably the vector also comprises a so-called "marker" function bywhich the vector can be identified and selected (e.g., an antibioticresistance gene). When a cytokine coding sequence is transferred (i.e.,as opposed to a cytokine gene having its own promoter), optimally thevector also contains a promoter that is capable of driving expression ofthe coding sequence and that is operably linked to the coding sequence.A coding sequence is "operably linked" to a promoter (e.g., when boththe coding sequence and the promoter together constitute a native orrecombinant cytokine gene) when the promoter is capable of directingtranscription of the coding sequence.

As used herein, cytokine "gene" or "coding sequence" includes cytokinegenomic or cDNA sequences, greater and lesser sequences and mutationsthereof, whether isolated from nature or synthesized in whole or inpart, as long as the gene or coding sequence is capable of expressing orcapable of being expressed into a protein having the characteristicfunction of the cytokine, i.e., the ability to stimulate the host immuneresponse. The means of modifying genes or coding sequences are wellknown in the art, and can also be accomplished by means of commerciallyavailable kits (e.g., New England Biolabs, Inc., Beverly, Mass.;Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.). The cytokine gene or coding sequence canbe of any suitable source, for example, isolated from any mammalianspecies such as human. Preferably, however, the cytokine gene or codingsequence comprises a GM-CSF sequence, particularly a human or murineGM-CSF gene or coding sequence including a human or murine GM-CSF cDNAsequence (e.g., as described by Cantrell et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.,82, 6250-6254 (1985)).

In the recombinant vectors of the present invention, preferably allproper transcription, translation and processing signals (e.g., splicingand polyadenylation signals) are correctly arranged on the vector suchthat the cytokine gene or coding sequence will be appropriatelytranscribed and translated in the tumor cells into which it isintroduced. The manipulation of such signals to ensure appropriateexpression in host cells is well within the knowledge and expertise ofthe ordinary skilled artisan. Whereas a cytokine gene is controlled by(i.e., operably linked to) its own promoter, another promoter, includinga constitutive promoter, such as, for instance the adenoviral type 2(Ad2) or type 5 (Ad5) major late promoter (MLP) and tripartite leader,the cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early promoter/enhancer, the Roussarcoma virus long terminal repeat (RSV-LTR), and others, can beemployed to command expression of the cytokine coding sequence.

Alternately, a tissue-specific promote (i.e., a promoter that ispreferentially activated in a given tissue and results in expression ofa gene product in the tissue where activated) can be used in the vector.Such promoters include but are not limited to the elastase I genecontrol region which is active in pancreatic acinar cells as describedby Swift et al., Cell, 38, 639-646 (1984) and MacDonald, Hepatology, 7,425-515 (1987); the insulin gene control region which is active inpancreatic beta cells as described by Hanahan, Nature, 315, 115-122(1985); the hepatocyte-specific promoter for albumin or α₁ -antitrypsindescribed by Frain et al., Mol. Cell. Biol., 10, 991-999 (1990) andCiliberto et al., Cell, 41, 531-540 (1985); and the albumin and alpha₁-antitrypsin gene control regions which are both active in liver asdescribed by Pinkert et al., Genes and Devel., 1, 268-276 (1987) andKelsey et al, Genes and Devel., 1, 161-171 (1987).

Similarly, a tumor-specific promoter, such as the carcinoembryonicantigen for colon carcinoma described by Schrewe et al., Mol. CellBiol., 10, 2738-2748 (1990), can be used in the vector. Along the samelines, promoters that are selectively activated at differentdevelopmental stages (e.g., globin genes are differentially transcribedin embryos and adults) can be employed for gene therapy of certain typesof cancer.

Another option is to use an inducible promoter, such as the IL-8promoter, which is responsive to TNF, or the 6-16 promoter, which isresponsive to interferons, or to use other similar promoters responsiveto other cytokines or other factors present in a host or that can beadministered exogenously. Use of a cytokine-inducible promoter has theadded advantage of allowing for auto-inducible expression of a cytokinegene. According to the invention, any promoter can be altered bymutagenesis, so long as it has the desired binding capability andpromoter strength.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a vector that comprises anucleic acid sequence encoding a cytokine as defined above, and that canbe employed in the method of the present invention of treating cancer.In particular, the present invention provides a recombinant vectorcomprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding GM-CSF. Thus, preferably,the present invention provides the vector designated as pcDNA 1/Neo,which is further described herein.

In the method of the present invention, the recombinant vector can beemployed to transfer a cytokine gene or coding sequence to a cell invitro, which preferably is a cell of an established tumor cell line,particularly, a pancreatic tumor cell line. Various methods can beemployed for delivering a vector to cells in vitro. For instance, suchmethods include electroporation, membrane fusion with liposomes, highvelocity bombardment with DNA-coated microprojectiles, incubation withcalcium phosphate-DNA precipitate, DEAE-dextran mediated transfection,infection with modified viral nucleic acids, direct microinjection intosingle cells, and the like. Other methods are available and are known tothose skilled in the art. Thus, the present invention provides asubstantially purified tumor cell line wherein the cell line has beenmodified to render it capable of producing an increased level of acytokine (preferably GM-CSF) relative to the unmodified tumor cell line.

The level of cytokine produced by the modified tumor cell is importantin the context of the present invention for the purpose of obtaining animmunostimulatory response. Preferably the modified (e.g., transfectedor transformed) tumor cell line produces a level of cytokine that isincreased over that observed for the unmodified (i.e., parental) tumorcell line. Even more preferably, the modified cell line produces a levelof cytokine that results in cytokine secretion greater than 35 ng/10⁶cells/24 hours.

Administering the Modified Tumor Cell Line

"Administering" modified cells of the tumor cell line to a mammalianhost refers to the actual physical introduction of the modified (i.e.,cytokine-producing) tumor cells into the host. Any and all methods ofintroducing the modified tumor cells into the host are contemplatedaccording to the invention; the method is not dependent on anyparticular means of introduction and is not to be so construed. Means ofintroduction are well known to those skilled in the art, and also areexemplified herein.

Preferably the modified tumor cell line is administered to a host havingat least one tumor (i.e., the host can have more than one tumor) that isof the same type as that from which the cell line was obtained. "Sametype of tumor" encompasses tumors which are histologically similar,i.e., similar in terms of the structure and property of the tissue/organbeing treated. While it is anticipated that the administered tumor cellline can have some antigens (e.g., tumor antigens or MHC antigens) incommon with the host tumor, for the purpose of this invention, it is notnecessary that the administered tumor cell and the host tumor have anyMHC antigens in common. Similarly, even though tumor antigens can differbetween the administered tumor cell line and the host tumor, it ispreferred that there is enough commonality such that administration ofthe tumor cell line can effect a systemic (i.e., a T cell-mediated)response against the host tumor. Accordingly, the present inventionencompasses the administration of a tumor cell line which is allogeneic(i.e., genetically dissimilar) to the host, and which is not MHC-matchedto the host. According to this invention a tumor cell line is "notMHC-matched" to a host when it doesn't share any MHC antigens in commonwith the host, or when it doesn't share any of the MHC antigens with thehost which are typically MHC-matched when using tumor cell vaccines(e.g., MHC class I antigens, especially HLA-A2).

Inasmuch as the present invention provides for paracrine delivery ofcytokines to tumors in vivo, preferably the genetically modified tumorcell line (e.g., the modified pancreatic tumor cell line) isadministered in close proximity to the tumor to be treated. By "closeproximity" is meant a distance such that the cytokine released by themodified tumor cell is able to exert its therapeutic effect upon a hostcell tumor. Optimally the modified tumor cell line is not injecteddirectly into the tumor itself.

Also, preferably the modified tumor cell line (e.g., the modifiedpancreatic tumor cell line) is irradiated prior to administration toprevent cell replication, and possible tumor formation in vivo. Forirradiation of tumor cells, the tumor cells typically are plated in atissue culture plate and irradiated at room temperature using a ¹³⁷ Cssource. Preferably the cells are irradiated at a dose rate of from about50 to about 200 rads/min, even more preferably, from about 120 to about140 rads/min. Preferably the cells are irradiated with a total dosesufficient to inhibit the majority of cells, i.e., preferably about 100%of the cells, from proliferating in vitro. Thus, desirably the cells areirradiated with a total dose of from about 10,000 to 20,000 rads,optimally, with about 15,000 rads.

Moreover, the modified tumor cell line (e.g., the transfected pancreatictumor cell line) optimally is treated prior to administration to enhanceits immunogenicity. Preferably this treatment comprises, as describedherein, further genetic manipulation, such as, for instance,introduction of other cytokine or immune co-stimulatory functions, or,for example, admixture with nonspecific adjuvants including but notlimited to Freund's complete or incomplete adjuvant, emulsions comprisedof bacterial and mycobacterial cell wall components, and the like.

Methods of Use

The allogeneic tumor cell lines, particularly the allogeneic pancreatictumor cell lines, can be used to vaccinate patients with histologicallysimilar tumors for the purpose of generating a systemic antitumor immuneresponse against the patient's own tumor.

To facilitate administration, a modified allogeneic tumor cell line(i.e, a modified allogeneic pancreatic tumor cell line) can be made intoa pharmaceutical composition or implant appropriate for administrationin vivo, with appropriate carriers or diluents, which further can bepharmaceutically acceptable. The means of making such a composition oran implant have been described in the art (see, for instance,Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16th Ed., Mack, ed. (1980)). Whereappropriate, a tumor cell line can be formulated into a preparation insolid, semisolid, liquid or gaseous form, such as a tablet, capsule,powder, granule, ointment, solution, suppository, injection, inhalant,or aerosol, in the usual ways for their respective route ofadministration. Means known in the art can be utilized to prevent orminimize release and absorption of the composition until it reaches thetarget tissue or organ, or to ensure timed-release of the composition.Preferably, however, a pharmaceutically acceptable form is employedwhich does not ineffectuate the compositions of the present invention.Thus, desirably a modified allogeneic tumor cell line (i.e., a modifiedallogeneic pancreatic tumor cell line) can be made into a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a balanced salt solution, preferably Hanks'balanced salt solution.

Thus, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a tumor cell line.Preferably, the invention provides a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a pancreatic tumorcell line, particularly wherein the tumor cell line is Panc 10.5.92, andespecially wherein the tumor cell line such as Panc 10.5.92 has beenmodified to produce an increased level of a cytokine, optimally GM-CSF.

In pharmaceutical dosage form, a composition can be used alone or inappropriate association, as well as in combination, with otherpharmaceutically active compounds and methods of treatment. For example,in applying a method of the present invention for the treatment ofcancer, in particular, for the treatment of pancreatic cancer, suchtreatment can be employed in conjunction with other means of treatmentof cancer, particularly pancreatic cancer, e.g., surgical ablation,irradiation, chemotherapy, and the like.

A pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be deliveredvia various routes and to various sites in a mammalian, particularlyhuman, body to achieve a particular effect. One skilled in the art willrecognize that, although more than one route can be used foradministration, a particular route can provide a more immediate and moreeffective reaction than another route. Local or systemic delivery can beaccomplished by administration comprising application or instillation ofthe formulation into body cavities, inhalation or insufflation of anaerosol, or by parenteral introduction, comprising intramuscular,intravenous, intraportal, intrahepatic, peritoneal, subcutaneous, orintradermal administration. Preferably delivery can be accomplished byintradermal administration.

A composition of the present invention can be provided in unit dosageform wherein each dosage unit, e.g., a teaspoonful, tablet, solution, orsuppository, contains a predetermined amount of the composition, aloneor in appropriate combination with other active agents. The term "unitdosage form" as used herein refers to physically discrete units suitableas unitary dosages for human and animal subjects, each unit containing apredetermined quantity of the compositions of the present invention,alone or in combination with other active agents, calculated in anamount sufficient to produce the desired effect, in association with apharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier, or vehicle, whereappropriate. The specifications for the novel unit dosage forms of thepresent invention depend on the particular pharmacodynamics associatedwith the pharmaceutical composition in the particular host.

Preferably a sufficient number of the modified tumor cells are presentin the composition and introduced into the host such that expression ofcytokine by the host cell and subsequent recruitment of APCs to thetumor site result in a greater immune response to the extant host tumorthan would otherwise result in the absence of such treatment, as furtherdiscussed herein. Accordingly, the amount of host cells administeredshould take into account the route of administration and should be suchthat a sufficient number of the tumor cells will be introduced so as toachieve the desired therapeutic (i.e. immunopotentiating) response.Furthermore, the amounts of each active agent included in thecompositions described herein (e.g., the amount per each cell to becontacted or the amount per certain body weight) can vary in differentapplications. In general, the concentration of modified tumor cellspreferably should be sufficient to provide at least from about 1×10⁶ toabout 1×10⁹ tumor cells, even more preferably, from about 1×10⁷ to about5×10⁸ tumor cells, although any suitable amount can be utilized eitherabove, e.g., greater than 5×10⁸ cells, or below, e.g., less than 1×10⁷cells.

These values provide general guidance of the range of each component tobe utilized by the practitioner upon optimizing the method of thepresent invention for practice of the invention. The recitation hereinof such ranges by no means precludes the use of a higher or lower amountof a component, as might be warranted in a particular application. Forexample, the actual dose and schedule can vary depending on whether thecompositions are administered in combination with other pharmaceuticalcompositions, or depending on interindividual differences inpharmacokinetics, drug disposition, and metabolism. One skilled in theart readily can make any necessary adjustments in accordance with theexigencies of the particular situation. Moreover, the effective amountof the compositions can be further approximated through analogy to othercompounds known to inhibit the growth of cancer cells, in particular,pancreatic cancer cells.

One skilled in the art also is aware of means to monitor a therapeutic(i.e., systemic immune) response upon administering a composition of thepresent invention. In particular, the therapeutic response can beassessed by monitoring attenuation of tumor growth, and/or tumorregression. The attenuation of tumor growth or tumor regression inresponse to treatment can be monitored using several end-points known tothose skilled in the art including, for instance, number of tumors,tumor mass or size, or reduction/prevention of metastasis. Thesedescribed methods are by no means all-inclusive, and further methods tosuit the specific application will be apparent to the ordinary skilledartisan.

EXAMPLES

The following examples further illustrate the present invention but, ofcourse, should not be construed as in any way limiting its scope.

Example 1

This example illustrates the method of obtaining and culturing theallogeneic tumor cell lines of the present invention.

Eleven allogeneic pancreatic tumor cell lines were developed frompatients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy at Johns Hopkins Hospital.These cell lines were generated from fresh human pancreatic tumorexplants obtained at the time of surgical resection. Namely, immediatelyupon tumor resection, the specimen was placed on ice in a sterilecontainer and moved to a laminar flow tissue culture hood in alaboratory. All subsequent manipulations were performed using standardsterile tissue culture technique, and using media and reagents fromvarious commercial suppliers (e.g. JRH Biosciences (Lenexa, Kans.),Gibco BRL (Gaithersberg, Md.), Hyclone Labs. (Logan, Utah), SigmaBiosciences (St. Louis, Mo.), Cell Sys. Corp. (Kirkland, Wash.),Intergen Co. (Purchase, N.Y.), Eli Lilly and Co. (Indianapolis, Ind.),Biofluids, Inc. (Rockville, Md.), and other suppliers manufacturingsimilar products).

The portion of the tumor to be employed for isolation of tumor celllines was minced into small pieces measuring about a few millimeters indiameter. The pieces were placed in a solution containing about 15 mg ofCollagenase I, and were digested at 37° C. in a shaking incubator intosingle cell suspensions. The pancreatic tumor cell suspensions were thensubjected to gravity centrifugation for five minutes to pellet thecells. The pellets were resuspended and plated by inoculating into a 25cm² tissue culture flask with about 1-2×10⁶ viable cells in RPMI 1640medium containing 20% fetal bovine serum, 100 units (U) of human insulinper 500 ml of medium, and 5 μg per 500 ml of medium of each of theinsulin-like growth factors 1 and 2. The cultures were placed in 25 cm²tissue culture flasks and were incubated at about 37° C. in humidifiedincubators with about 5-7% CO₂.

Primary cell cultures were subjected every 5 to 10 days to differentialtrypsinization to remove he majority of stromal cells that routinelyovergrow primary pancreatic tumor cultures. Several tests were used tocharacterize the resultant tumor cell lines and to assess the presenceof the malignant epithelial cells as compared with stromal cells andnonmalignant epithelial cells. Namely, histochemical staining wasperformed using antibodies directed against cytokeratin to distinguishcells of epithelial origin from cells of mesenchymal origin. All of theobtained eleven tumor cell lines were characterized by cytokeratinstaining as comprised primarily or exclusively of epithelial cells, asset out in Table 1.

                  TABLE 1                                                         ______________________________________                                        Cytokeratin Staining of Pancreatic Cell Lines                                             % Cytokeratin                                                                 positive*                                                                              ras Mutation                                             ______________________________________                                        Panc 10.5.92  100%       codon 12                                             Panc 4.14.93  100%       codon 13                                             Panc 1.28.94  100%       codon 12                                             Panc 6.3.94   100%       codon 12                                             Panc 8.13.94  100%       codon 12                                             Panc 9.6.94   100%       codon 12                                             Panc 12.1.94  100%       codon 12                                             Panc 2.3.95   100%       codon 12                                             Panc 4.3.95   100%       codon 12                                             Panc 4.21.95  100%       codon 12                                             Panc 5.4.95   100%       codon 12                                             ______________________________________                                         *Cytokeratins 7 and 18                                                   

Also, all generated tumor cell lines were evaluated for maintenance ofthe same ras mutation that was observed in the original tumor specimenprior to in vitro culture to validate the malignant origin of the cellline, as well as the genetic stability of the cell line in culture. Asillustrated in Table 1, all of these lines were confirmed to have a rasmutation identical to that of the original tumor from which the tumorcell line derived. Codon 12 mutations present in the tumor cell linesresulted in a Asp→Gly conversion, and codon 13 modifications resulted ina Se→Gly conversion in the encoded Ras oncoprotein. In addition, alltumor cell lines were observed to express high levels of MHC class Iantigens. Two of the four lines (i.e., Panc 10.5.92 and Panc 9.6.94)also express elevated levels of MHC class II antigens. The pancreatictumor cell lines are easily expanded in culture and have doubling timesof about 72 hours.

The methods employed in this example for derivation of allogeneicpancreatic tumor cell lines similarly can be employed for the generationand isolation of other kinds of allogeneic tumor cell lines.

Example 2

This example illustrates the method of modifying the allogeneic tumorcell lines of the present invention to produce an increased amount of acytokine. Inasmuch as the cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulating factor (GM-CSF) is potentially more potent than othercytokines in generating a systemic antitumor response in preclinicaltumor models (Dranoff et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 90, 3539-3542(1993), the Panc cell line 10.5.92 described in Example 1 %as employedas representative of the allogeneic tumor cell lines, and was modifiedto secrete GM-CSF.

To accomplish this, a recombinant human GM-CSF gene was cloned intopcDNA 1/Neo. All cloning reactions and DNA manipulations were carriedout using methods well known to the ordinary skilled artisan, and whichhave been described in the art, e.g., Maniatis et al., MolecularCloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,New York , (1982)). Enzymes employed in these reactions were obtainedfrom commercial suppliers (e.g., New England Biolabs, Inc., Beverly,Mass.; Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.; Boehringer Mannheim, Inc.,Indianapolis, Ind.; etc.) and were used according to the manufacturers'recommendations.

The plasmid pcDNA 1/Neo contains the human GM-CSF cytokine codingsequence under the control of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, andthe neomycin resistance gene also controlled by a separate CMV promoter.The CMV promoter was employed since it is able to drive a relativelyhigh level of gene expression in most eukaryotic cells (Boshart et al.,Cell, 41, 521-530 (1985)). Initial studies using this vector for genetransfer to a human melanoma cell line confirm that, following selectionfor neomycin resistance, secreted levels of GM-CSF greater than 35ng/10⁶ cells/24 hours were achieved. These initial studies indicate thatthe pcDNA 1/Neo plasmid is functional. Moreover, this is the dose ofGM-CSF that is required to generate adequate antitumor immune responsesin mouse models. Namely, dilution experiments using varyingconcentrations of tumor cells that either were or were not transducedwith a retroviral vector carrying a GM-CSF gene confirm that in theB16-F10 tumor system, GM-CSF secretion below 35 ng/10⁶ cells/24 hoursfails to generate the potent antitumor immunity seen at levels ofsecretion above this threshold. These findings underscore the importanceof delivering high and sustained levels of GM-CSF directly at the siteof the vaccinating tumor cells that are the source of the relevant tumorantigen.

The Panc line 10.5.92 %as transfected with pcDNA 1/Neo byelectroporation, and was subsequently cloned by limiting dilution.GM-CSF levels were determined by ELISA and confirmed by bioassay usingGM-CSF dependent TF-1 cells (Kitamura et al., Blood, 73, 375-380(1989)). The GM-CSF secretion level observed for the resultanttransfected pancreatic tumor cell line is about 90 ng/10⁶ tumor cells/24hours. Irradiation of the transfected tumor cells prevents theirreplication, but allows the cells to secrete GM-CSF and to remainmetabolically active for up to one week in culture. Irradiation wascarried out using a ¹³⁷ Cs source at a dose rate of about 120-140rads/min to deliver a total dose of about 15,000 rads.

The methods employed in this example also can be used to generate othertumor cell lines capable of producing increased amounts of cytokine, andwhich similarly can be employed as vaccines.

Example 3

This example illustrates further studies regarding GM-CSF administrationto a host.

Further studies confirm that GM-CSF secretion needs to parallel theknown paracrine physiology of this cytokine. In particular, secretionmust be at the site of the relevant antigens (i.e., the tumor cells), asdescribed in the previous example, and high levels must be sustained forseveral days (Dranoff et al., supra; Golumbek et al., Cancer Research,53, 1-4 (1993)). However, it appears that the tumor cell itself need notbe the source of GM-CSF secretion (Golumbek et al., supra). Immunologicprotection and histologic infiltrates similar to those seen withretrovirally transduced cytokine-expressing tumor cells can be generatedwhen GM-CSF is slowly released from biodegradable polymers co-injectedwith the tumor cell. In addition, if a second non-cross reacting tumoris co-injected with a GM-CSF secreting tumor, immunologic protectionagainst both tumors can be generated. Simple injection of soluble GM-CSFalong with tumor cells, however, does not provide sustained local levelsof this cytokine and does not generate systemic immunity (Golumbek etal., supra). Thus, the effectiveness of using an allogeneic tumor cellthat was not MHC-matched to the host cell for delivery of cytokine invivo was explored.

In murine models, it was demonstrated that the antitumor immunitygenerated with the delivery of GM-CSF by bystander allogeneic tumorcells is comparable to that achieved when GM-CSF is delivered by thetarget tumor cell itself. Specifically, in these experiments, BALB/cmice were subcutaneously vaccinated with irradiated CT26 colon carcinomacells, with GM-CSF delivered either by retrovirally transduced CT26cells, or by retrovirally transduced B16-F10 cells. Two weeks later,mice were rechallenged with injections of wild-type strain CT26. TheCT26 tumor cell line possesses some intrinsic immunogenicity; however, agreater degree of protection was seen when GM-CSF was secreted at thevaccination site, whether by the syngeneic or the allogeneic tumors.While it is unclear to what degree, or by what mechanism, the allogeneictumor cells can augment antitumor immunity, these data strongly suggestthat allogeneic delivery of GM-CSF is likely to be at least as effectiveas autologous tumor delivery.

Example 4

This example illustrates the method of treating cancer by administeringto a host the genetically modified allogeneic tumor cell lines of thepresent invention.

Tumor cell lines that secrete levels of GM-CSF greater than 35 ng/10⁶tumor cells/24 hours are obtained and employed. The modified tumor cellsare harvested from the tissue culture flasks by trypsinization. Thecells are washed using normal saline, pelleted, and resuspended inHanks' balanced salt solution, or some other salt solution appropriatefor introduction in vivo. The cells are resuspended at a concentrationof from about 1×10⁷ to about 1×10¹⁰ tumor cells/ml, and optimally, at aconcentration of from about 1×10⁸ to about 5×10⁹ tumor cells/ml. About0.1 ml of this resuspension mixture is employed as a vaccine. Thus,preferably from about 1×10⁶ to about 1×10⁹ tumor cells are injected, andoptimally, from about 1×10⁷ to about 5×10⁸ tumor cells are injected intoto. Whereas the modified tumor cells are injected subcutaneously inthe mouse, the cells preferably are injected intradermally in humans.Injections preferably are made in the vicinity of the tumor; optimally,the vaccines are not injected directly into the tumor itself. Also, theamounts of tumor cells employed for vaccination in humans are roughlyabout ten times greater than the amounts employed for vaccination in themouse.

Prior to injection, the modified tumor cells can be irradiated e.g.,using a ¹³⁷ Cs source as described in Example 2, to prevent replicationof the modified tumor cells in vivo. The modified tumor cells also canbe altered to enhance their immunogenicity. For instance, the cells canbe further genetically manipulated (e.g., through insertion of othercytokine or immune stimulatory nucleic acid sequences), or can beadmixed with non-specific adjuvants (e.g., Freund's complete orincomplete adjuvant, emulsions comprised of bacterial and mycobacterialcell wall components, etc.).

The invention can be used in mammals, particularly humans, havingvarious tumors, for instance, a carcinoma of the bladder, breast, colon,kidney, liver, lung, ovary, pancreas, rectum, or stomach; ahematopoietic tumor of lymphoid or myeloid lineage; a tumor ofmesenchymal origin such as a fibrosarcoma or rhabdomyosarcoma; oranother tumor, including a melanoma, teratocarcinoma, neuroblastoma, orglioma. Preferably, the invention can be used in the treatment ofpancreatic cancer. It also is anticipated that the patient can betreated prior to, or in addition to (i.e., concurrently or immediatelyfollowing) immunotherapy as described herein with any number of methodsas are employed to treat cancer, for instance, surgical resection,irradiation, chemotherapy, and the like.

All of the references cited herein, including patents, patentapplications, and publications, are hereby incorporated in theirentireties by reference.

While this invention has been described with an emphasis upon preferredembodiments, it will be obvious to those of ordinary skill in the artthat variations of the preferred embodiments can be used and that it isintended that the invention can be practiced otherwise than asspecifically described herein. Accordingly, this invention includes allmodifications encompassed within the spirit and scope of the inventionas defined by the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A purified pancreatic tumor cell line, which isderived from a primary pancreatic tumor, and which is purified fromstromal and noncancerous epithelial cells.
 2. The pancreatic tumor cellline of claim 1, wherein said pancreatic tumor cell line has beenmodified so that it produces an increased level of a cytokine relativeto the unmodified pancreatic tumor cell line.
 3. The pancreatic tumorcell line of claim 2, wherein said cytokine is granulocytemacrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF).
 4. A compositioncomprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and cells of thepancreatic tumor cell line of claim
 1. 5. A method of obtaining thepancreatic tumor cell line of claim 1, which comprises:(a) obtaining asample of tumor cells from a primary pancreatic tumor from a mammalianhost, (b) forming a single cell suspension from said sample of tumorcells, (c) pelleting said tumor cells, (d) plating said tumor cells in agrowth medium comprising, fetal serum, insulin at a concentration offrom about 0.1 to about 1.0 U/ml, insulin-like growth factor 1 at aconcentration of from about 0.005 to about 0.05 μg/ml and insulin-likegrowth factor 2 at a concentration of from about 0.005 to about 0.05μg/ml, and (e) purifying said tumor cells.
 6. The pancreatic tumor cellline of claim 2, wherein said pancreatic tumor cell line comprises amutation in codon 12, 13 or 61 of H-ras, K-ras or N-ras and expressescell-surface cytokeratins, high levels of major histocompatibilitycomplex (MHC) class I antigens and elevated levels of MHC class IIantigens.
 7. A composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier and cells of the pancreatic tumor cell line of claim
 2. 8. Acomposition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and cellsof the pancreatic tumor cell line of claim
 3. 9. A compositioncomprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and cells of thepancreatic tumor cell line of claim
 6. 10. A purified pancreatic tumorcell line, which is derived from a primary pancreatic tumor and which isobtained by(a) obtaining a sample of tumor cells from a primarypancreatic tumor from a mammalian host, (b) forming a single cellsuspension from said sample of tumor cells, (c) pelleting said tumorcells, (d) plating said tumor cells in a growth medium comprising fetalserum, insulin at a concentration of from about 0.1 to about 1.0 U/ml,insulin-like growth factor 1 at a concentration of from about 0.005 toabout 0.05 μg/ml, and insulin-like growth factor 2 at a concentration offrom about 0.005 to about 0.05 μg/ml, and (e) purifying said tumorcells,wherein said purified pancreatic tumor cell line is purified fromstromal and noncancerous epithelial cells.
 11. The purified pancreatictumor cell line of claim 10, wherein said pancreatic tumor cell line hasbeen modified so that it produces an increased level of a cytokinerelative to the unmodified pancreatic tumor cell line.
 12. The purifiedpancreatic tumor cell line of claim 11, wherein said cytokine is GM-CSF.13. The purified pancreatic tumor cell line of claim 11, wherein saidpancreatic tumor cell line comprises a mutation in codon 12, 13 or 61 ofH-ras, K-ras or N-ras and expresses cell-surface cytokeratins and highlevels of MHC class I antigens.
 14. A composition comprising apharmaceutically acceptable carrier and cells of the purified pancreatictumor cell line of claim
 10. 15. A composition comprising apharmaceutically acceptable carrier and cells of the purified pancreatictumor cell line of claim
 11. 16. A composition comprising apharmaceutically acceptable carrier and cells of the purified pancreatictumor cell line of claim
 12. 17. A composition comprising apharmaceutically acceptable carrier and cells of the purified pancreatictumor cell line of claim 13.